Replacing MPPT with direct PV

So essentially these researchers have discovered what the RV community has been doing for years. If your battery is small, you can use Vmpp=18V panels to directly (or via simple PWM) charge batteries and rely on the BMS to cut off ≥ 100% SOC. All other scenarios are not feasible because the typical PV panel has a Vmpp of 36-37V and thus are not suitable for direct battery coupling.